SUBMARINES AND NAVAL WARFARE – INDIA
Science
PROJECT 75 (P-75)
• Programme to build six modern conventional diesel-electric submarines in India.
• Equipped with advanced sensors, armaments and Air Independent Propulsion (AIP).
• AIP allows submarines to remain submerged for long durations, increasing stealth and lethality.
• Countries with AIP technology include China, Germany, Sweden, France, Spain and Russia.
• Project 75(I) is India’s first submarine project under the Strategic Partnership model.
KALVARI CLASS (SCORPENE CLASS) SUBMARINES
• Diesel-electric attack submarines based on French Scorpene design.
• Built under Project 75 for the Indian Navy.
• Named after earlier submarines inducted into the Navy.
• Submarines in the class:
– INS Kalvari
– INS Khanderi
– INS Karanj
– INS Vela
– INS Vagir
– INS Vagsheer
SUPERSONIC MISSILE ASSISTED TORPEDO (SMART) SYSTEM
• Developed by DRDO and successfully tested from Wheeler Island, Odisha.
• Missile-based standoff torpedo delivery system for anti-submarine warfare.
• Enhances engagement range beyond conventional torpedoes.
• Uses two-stage solid propulsion, precision inertial navigation and electro-mechanical actuators.
• Torpedo is released near target and homes underwater.
INS VIKRAMADITYA
• India’s most powerful operational aircraft carrier.
• Originally built in 1987 for the Soviet Navy as ‘Baku’.
• Purchased by India in 2004 and commissioned in 2013 in Russia.
• Can operate over 30 aircraft including MiG-29K, Kamov helicopters, ALH Dhruv.
• Equipped with Barak missile system.
• Home port: Karwar, Karnataka.
INS VIKRANT (IAC-1)
• India’s first indigenously built aircraft carrier.
• Uses STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) system.
• Capable of operating MiG-29K fighter jets and helicopters.
• Propelled by four gas turbines.
• Approved in 2002, keel laid in 2009.
• Represents major milestone in self-reliance in naval defence.
INS VISHAL (IAC-2)
• Proposed second indigenous aircraft carrier.
• Planned to be larger and more advanced than INS Vikrant.
• Intended to enhance India’s blue-water navy capability.
INS SANDHAYAK
• First indigenously designed hydrographic survey ship.
• Served Indian Navy for over 40 years before decommissioning.
• Participated in operations like Op Pawan, Op Sarong, Op Rainbow.
• Took part in Indo-US HADR exercise ‘Tiger Triumph’.
INS CHILKA
• Indian Navy’s only ab-initio training establishment.
• Trains over 6,600 recruits annually.
• Commissioned in 1980.
• Located near Chilika Lake, Odisha.
INS ARIHANT
• India’s first indigenously built nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN).
• Developed under Advanced Technology Vessel programme.
• Completes India’s nuclear triad.
• SSBNs provide credible second-strike capability.
• Can remain submerged for long periods due to nuclear propulsion.
• Second submarine INS Arighat is undergoing sea trials.
INS VISAKHAPATNAM (P-15B CLASS)
• First stealth guided missile destroyer of Visakhapatnam class.
• Part of India’s indigenous destroyer programme.
• Four ships planned: Visakhapatnam, Mormugao, Imphal, Surat.
• Followed Delhi and Kolkata class destroyers.
INS KHUKRI
• First indigenously built missile corvette.
• Built by Mazagaon Dock Shipbuilders and commissioned in 1989.
• Served both Western and Eastern Fleets.
• Missile corvettes are fast, agile and suitable for littoral warfare.
PROJECT 28 (KAMORTA CLASS CORVETTES)
• Indigenous anti-submarine warfare stealth corvettes.
• Ships include INS Kamorta, INS Kadmatt, INS Kiltan, INS Kavaratti.
• Designed by Directorate of Naval Design.
• INS Kavaratti commissioned in 2020.
KRIVAK / TALWAR CLASS FRIGATES
• Stealth frigates built with Russian technology transfer.
• Four ships under Inter-Governmental Agreement with Russia.
• Armed with BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles.
• Built at Goa Shipyard Limited and Russian shipyards.
ICGS VIGRAHA
• Offshore Patrol Vessel built by Larsen & Toubro.
• Seventh OPV for Indian Coast Guard.
• Based at Visakhapatnam.
• Enhances coastal surveillance and maritime security.
SAGAR NIDHI
• Ice-class Ocean Research Vessel operated by NIOT, Chennai.
• First Indian research ship to reach Antarctic waters (66°S).
• Endurance up to 45 days with 10,000 nautical mile range.
SARTHAK
• Offshore Patrol Vessel for Indian Coast Guard.
• Built by Goa Shipyard Limited.
• Equipped with advanced navigation, sensors and communication systems.
• Capable of carrying helicopters and high-speed boats for SAR operations.
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