HUMAN BODY
Science
The study of the human body involves anatomy and physiology.
The human body is the entire structure of a human being and comprises head, neck, trunk (thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet.
COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BODY
- Oxygen – 65%
- Carbon – 18.5%
- Hydrogen – 9.5%
- Nitrogen – 3.2%
- Calcium – 1.5%
- Phosphorus – 1.0%
- Potassium – 0.4%
- Sulphur – 0.3%
- Chlorine – 0.2%
- Sodium – 0.2%
- Magnesium – 0.1%
- Trace elements – less than 0.1%
SYSTEMS IN HUMAN BODY
- The human body consists of many interacting systems. Each system maintains homeostasis.
Musculoskeletal system
- Provides mechanical support, posture and locomotion.
Cardiovascular system
- Transports oxygen, nutrients and hormones and removes metabolic waste.
Respiratory system
- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulation of acid-base balance, phonation.
Nervous system
- Initiates and regulates body functions, sensation and movement.
Digestive system
- Breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients.
Urinary system
- Filtration of blood and elimination of waste through urine.
Endocrine system
- Secretion of hormones regulating growth, metabolism and reproduction.
Lymphatic system
- Drainage of excess tissue fluid and immune defense.
Reproductive system
- Production of gametes and reproduction.
Integumentary system
- Protection of body surface, sensation and vitamin synthesis.
HUMAN HEALTH
- WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
DISEASE
- A disease is an abnormal condition affecting structure or function of the body.
- Study of disease is called pathology.
TYPES OF DISEASES
1. Congenital Diseases
- Present from birth.
Causes:
- Gene mutations – albinism, sickle cell anaemia, haemophilia.
- Chromosomal disorders – Down syndrome, Turner syndrome.
- Environmental factors – cleft palate.
2. Acquired Diseases
- Develop after birth.
a. Communicable diseases – caused by pathogens.
b. Non-communicable diseases – do not spread person to person.
Non-communicable diseases include:
- Degenerative diseases – heart disease, epilepsy.
- Deficiency diseases – kwashiorkor, beriberi, goitre.
- Allergic diseases – hay fever.
- Cancer – uncontrolled cell growth.
VACCINE AND VACCINATION
- Vaccine stimulates immune system to provide immunity.
- Vaccination is the administration of vaccine.
- WHO launched Global Vaccination Programme in 1974.
- India launched it in 1985.
- Polio eliminated from India in 2014.
- Term vaccine derived from cowpox (Edward Jenner).
MEDICAL TESTS
Diagnostic Tests: Blood sugar test, ECG, blood count, nuclear medicine scans.
Imaging Tests: X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, PET scan, angiography.
Endoscopy: Direct visual examination using endoscope.
Biopsy: Removal and examination of tissue sample.
Genetic Testing: Analysis of DNA and chromosomes.
Used in:
- Prenatal diagnosis
- Risk assessment in children and adults
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Subject: Science
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