INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Science
INTRODUCTION
Information Technology (IT) refers to the use of computers, networks, software, and digital systems to store, process, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate information.
Information includes any form of knowledge such as voice, image, text, video, financial data, laws, weather information, news, records, drawings, and religious texts.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a broader concept that includes IT along with telecommunication technologies such as the internet, wired and wireless networks.
--------------------------------------------------
COMPUTER NETWORKING
Computer networking allows two or more computers to share data and resources.
Applications include:
- Internet access
- Email and electronic messaging
- Audio and video communication
- Sharing devices such as printers and scanners
The internet is the largest and most widely used network.
--------------------------------------------------
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS (BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE)
1. Nanonetwork
- Network of nanomachines performing simple tasks.
- Near Field Communication (NFC) is an application.
- Enables short-range communication (within 10 cm).
- Used in contactless payments and smart cards.
2. Body Area Network (BAN)
- Network of devices or sensors placed on or inside the human body.
- Used mainly in healthcare.
- Enables real-time monitoring of patients remotely.
3. Personal Area Network (PAN)
- Used for communication among personal devices.
- Examples: smartphones, laptops, tablets.
- Wired PAN: USB cables.
- Wireless PAN: Bluetooth.
4. Local Area Network (LAN)
- Covers a small geographical area such as home, office, or school.
- Wired LAN uses Ethernet.
- Wireless LAN is known as Wi-Fi.
5. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Covers a city or large campus.
- Larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.
6. Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Covers a large geographical area.
- Internet is the best example.
7. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
- Creates a secure and encrypted connection over the internet.
- Allows remote employees to access organizational networks securely.
- Cost-effective alternative to WAN.
--------------------------------------------------
INTRANET, INTERNET AND EXTRANET
Intranet
- Private internal network of an organization.
- Accessible only to authorized users.
- Requires login credentials.
Internet
- Global network of interconnected computers.
- Uses Internet Protocol (IP).
- Publicly accessible.
Extranet
- Private network using internet technology.
- Shared with external stakeholders like suppliers and customers.
--------------------------------------------------
CLIENT-SERVER MODEL
- Client sends request.
- Server processes and responds.
- Example: Web browsing.
- Performance depends on bandwidth.
--------------------------------------------------
DATA COMMUNICATION MODEL
Components:
- Source: Generates data.
- Transmitter: Converts data into signals.
- Transmission System: Carries data.
- Receiver: Converts signals back to data.
- Destination: Receives data.
--------------------------------------------------
INTERNET ACCESS METHODS
Dial-Up Internet
- Uses telephone line and modem.
- Speed up to 56 kbps.
- Obsolete due to slow speed.
Broadband Internet
- High-speed data transmission.
- Always-on connection.
Types of Broadband:
1. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
- Uses copper telephone lines.
- ADSL: Higher download speed.
- SDSL: Equal upload and download speeds.
2. Cable Modem
- Uses coaxial cable.
- Speed up to several Mbps.
3. Fiber Optic Broadband
- Uses optical fiber.
- Very high speed and reliable.
4. Wireless Broadband
- Uses radio waves.
- Includes Wi-Fi and mobile broadband.
5. Satellite Broadband
- Uses satellites.
- Useful in remote areas.
--------------------------------------------------
TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
3G
- Supports voice, data, video calls.
- Speed up to 200 kbps.
4G
- High-speed mobile internet.
- Technologies: LTE, WiMAX.
- Enables HD video streaming and cloud computing.
5G
- Ultra-high speed.
- Very low latency.
- Supports IoT and smart cities.
--------------------------------------------------
ADVANTAGES OF ICT
- Increased efficiency and productivity.
- Faster communication.
- Remote working.
- Transparency in governance.
- Enhanced research capabilities.
DISADVANTAGES OF ICT
- High maintenance cost.
- Job loss due to automation.
- Increase in cybercrime.
--------------------------------------------------
DARK WEB
- Part of the Deep Web.
- Accessible through Tor and I2P.
- Used for illegal activities like drug trade and cybercrime.
--------------------------------------------------
DIGITAL EDUCATION TERMINOLOGIES
Online Learning
- Learning using internet resources.
Web-based Learning
- Learning through web browsers.
E-learning
- Learning using electronic media.
Blended Learning
- Combination of online and classroom learning.
Virtual Learning
- Learning through digital environments.
--------------------------------------------------
ADVANTAGES OF E-LEARNING
- Flexible learning.
- Cost-effective.
- Easy access.
- Wider reach for institutions.
--------------------------------------------------
E-COMMERCE
Definition
- Buying and selling goods online.
FDI Policy
- 100% FDI allowed in marketplace model.
- Allowed only for B2B.
Types:
- Multi-product: Amazon, Flipkart.
- Single-product: MakeMyTrip.
--------------------------------------------------
APPLICATIONS OF ICT
I-Banking
- Online banking services.
E-Health
- Telemedicine and remote diagnosis.
E-Environment
- Environmental monitoring and disaster forecasting.
E-Government
- Use of ICT in public administration.
E-Governance
- Transparent and citizen-friendly governance.
--------------------------------------------------
CLOUD COMPUTING
Definition
- Delivery of computing services over internet.
Types:
1. IaaS
2. PaaS
3. SaaS
Advantages:
- Cost reduction.
- Easy scalability.
- Reduced maintenance.
--------------------------------------------------
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Definition
- Simulation of human intelligence by machines.
Subsets:
- Machine Learning
- Deep Learning
Applications:
- Healthcare
- Finance
- Transportation
- Education
Examples:
- Siri
- Alexa
- Netflix
- Tesla
Global Status
- AI expected to add significantly to GDP.
- India ranks among top countries in AI workforce.
PDF File:
No PDF attached
Subject: Science
← Back