ACTS AND POLICIES RELATED TO BIODIVERSITY

National Forest Policy, 1988

• Focus on ecological balance, soil conservation, afforestation.
• Aims for one-third forest cover; community involvement emphasized.

Biological Diversity Act, 2002

• Conservation, sustainable use, and benefit sharing.
• Three-tier structure: NBA (central), SBB (state), BMC (local).
• Companies must share 0.5% post-tax sales with local communities.

Forest Rights Act, 2006

• Restores rights of forest dwellers over land and forest produce.
• Four rights: Title, Use, Relief, Forest Management.
• Gram Sabha is the authority to determine rights.

Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016

• Establishes National and State CAF.
• 90% funds to states; 10% to centre.
• Uses: afforestation, wildlife management, catchment treatment, conflict mitigation.
• Annual audit by CAG.

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001

• IPR protection to breeders, researchers, and farmers.
• Farmers may save, reuse, share seeds (but not sell branded seeds).
• Compensation to farmers for non-performing varieties.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

• Prevents water pollution; establishes CPCB & SPCBs.
• Water Cess Act (1977) finances pollution control boards.

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

• Defines air pollutants; aims to control air pollution.
• First major air pollution law in India.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

• Statutory body under Water Act.  
• Functions under Air Act & EPA 1986.  
• Coordinates SPCBs, monitors air/water quality.

National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)

• Statutory body under WPA, 1972.
• Chaired by PM; advisory role.
• Approves projects in/near protected areas.
• Standing Committee chaired by MoEFCC Minister.

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Subject: Environment

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